Culture

Am I White or am I Black?

Am I White or am I Black?

 This a photo of me, an Iranian/Persian woman. In term of race parlance am I white or black? The current preoccupation with ethnicity is a conundrum for Iranians. We are ethnically Aryan (from which the name ‘Iran’ actually derives), we are also Caucasian and Indo-European. Some of my cousins have much browner complexions than me, but however brown we are, we’re definitely NOT “mixed”.

Every year I worked as nurse and midwife I was obliged to fill in an NHS ETHNICITY QUESTIONNAIRE (above) as part of their ‘good practice’ requirements. And every year I would be frustrated by the listed categories, because other than the penultimate one “White – Other White Background” I didn’t fit into any of the others, and if you tick that one you are asked to explain. Should I describe myself as “Aryan” (it’s most accurate answer)? Or should I say “Caucasian” (same as all the other Whites)? Occasionally I would write  “Persian”. Every single year I chewed the end of my pen and noted something different.

B.A.M.E (Black, Asian, and Minority Ethnic) was an acronym first used in the UK in the wake of the pandemic as a proxy for non-white ethnic minority groups.  The term has now been discontinued in the UK as it was seen to be unintentionally divisive. At the time it generated a nationwide celebration of minority cultures and the successful integration of first and second generation immigrants in Britain. An Iranian acquaintance of mine was invited to give a public talk about his experience as a successful BAME immigrant under the banner of BAME – Our Stories.  He justified his qualification by stating that he identified as “Black – Other” rather than “White – Other, because in his view the term “non-white” means “Non- British”!

For me that’s taking ethnicity a step too far! Without intending any disrespect, I’m racially Caucasian and can’t class myself as Black. But if the public perception of brown people of pure descent (i.e. not mixed) is neither white nor black, then what is the tick box designation?

 

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Nowruz – the year is 1403!

Nowruz – the year is 1403!

‘Nowruz’ is Persian New Year. It always falls in March at the vernal equinox. Nowruz literally means ‘new day’ and it is celebrated with a table laid with all the symbols of new life in nature awakening with Spring. It marks the official start of the solar calendar which Iran has kept from ancient Zoroastrian times. Iran is actually the only Islamic country which officially celebrates New Years’ Day on the first day of Spring. Muslims around the world commonly use a moveable lunar calendar to determine the dates of religious events and observances. This Muslim calendar is also known as the Hijri calendar. Both calendars use the abbreviation AH (anno hegirae) to denote the year 622 CE, when Muhammad and his followers migrated from Mecca to Medina and founded the very first Muslim community.

Iranians are proud of being Muslim Middle Eastern nation which did not adopt Arabic culture along with Islam, but has staunchly kept its Persian heritage by retaining its ancient culture, language, and its Zoroastrian calendar.

This new year in Iran is 1403 (AH), but according to the Islamic calendar the current year is actually 1445 AH! This is because a lunar year falls consistently 11 days short of a solar year, so now the lunar Muslim calendar is almost half a century ahead. To add to this discombobulation, Armenians and Assyrians in Iran keep to the original Julian calendar which is some ten days out of sync with the current Gregorian calendar adopted in 1552 by Pope Gregory. Thus in the Orthodox Church in Iran celebrates Christmas on January 6th, which is our feast of the Epiphany.

Confusing, or what?!

 

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A midnight visitor

A midnight visitor

Checking up on every immigrant’s status is clearly a huge task, but it was so much more labour intensive before the advent of computers and the internet. When I arrived in the UK from Iran on 5 August 1979, I was granted a three-year student nurse visa, registered as an Alien, and required to make annual contact with the Aliens’ Registration authorities. After we were married the following May. I moved to Glasgow and applied for British citizenship.Late one evening on 6 August 1980, James was out on-call at the hospital, and the doorbell of our tenement flat rang loudly. I wondered who it might be at this late hour, and opening the door I was shocked to be confronted by a police constable in full regalia standing on the stairs. I thought James had been run over by a bus, was lying unconscious in the road or bleeding to death on a hospital trolley. Why else would a policeman come to one’s door so late at night? Visions of impending widowhood rose before my eyes, and for a moment I thought I was going to faint in the doorway. The policeman took out a little black notebook, flipped over a few pages, and began:

Are you Farifteh Valentine Hafezi, citizen of Iran, date of birth 7 February 1950, entered the United Kingdom on 5 August 1979, lately living in London? I assented, and he continued lugubriously, Well you didn’t report your whereabouts to the Aliens’ Office yesterday. We managed to trace you to Scotland. any reason why you didn’t report?
“Oh, is that all? I said, flooded with relief. I had indeed forgotten the proviso of my initial entry permit. You see, I’m now married and I’ve applied for British citizenship. I guess I just forgot”.
You may have applied for citizenship, Madam, intoned the bobby, and your application will be given due consideration. However, it is not a foregone conclusion. And despite having become the wife of a British subject, until such time as you receive a positive response from the Home Office your status remains that of Alien. Kindly ensure ensure that you report to the Aliens’ Office of Greater Glasgow Constabulary in Sauchiehall Street forthwith.

I almost kowtowed with  relief at this anodyne request. After taking down my new surname and noting all James’ details for good measure, the police constable courteously doffed his crested hat and bid me goodnight. I’m sure neighbours watching from their windows had not missed this intriguing night visitor!

[read about this incident on pp.200-201 of my memoir]

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Where is home?

Where is home?

When I’m asked “where are you from?” I never know how best to answer.  The question is similar to “Where is home?” but it is not the same. Home is an emotional place, it’s where your heart is.

I spent my entire childhood in Geneva, Switzerland and most of my youth in Tehran, Iran. If I hesitate to answer, people usually follow it up with “what’s your hometown then?”  That’s not easy either. Should I say,”Geneva”? After all, it’s where I was born and lived until I was sixteen; but I have no remaining links there. We left in 1965, and I’ve never been back. I don’t feel I’m from there .

When I was a teenager we moved to Iran where I finished school and went to university.  I lived in Tehran for a mere ten years in total, but they were my most formative years. As an Iranian  in Switzerland I was raised according to Persian culture and custom, and in a home where only Persian (Farsi) was spoken. My parents and forebears were all born and buried in Iran, and it’s also where my sister and other family members still live. I may have grown up in Europe, but it was always drummed into me that I am Iranian and that my “home” is Iran  But I don’t feel I’m from there.

I managed to leave Iran after the Revolution and begin a new life in Scotland, and this is where I feel I now really belong. If asked “where are you from?”  For a quick answer I’m often tempted to reply  “I’m from Edinburgh”. Of course, considering my earlier life it’s laughably inaccurate, but I’m light-skinned with good English somI can get away with it. However, given the opportunity I’ll launch into an explanatory spiel during which the polite person who posed the query probably wishes they had never asked!

Ultimately, home is where your loved ones are, so for me it’s Edinburgh where I live with my husband.  It’s also where we worked, raised our children, and where after forty years we still live today. At last I feel this is truly home.

 

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My marriage and politics

My marriage and politics

James and I first met as postgraduates in in the UK during late autumn 1976.  Friendship slowly blossomed into something more, but that summer we were soon obliged to part. I was duty-bound to return to Iran to fulfil a condition of my academic grant, and he had to remain behind to complete his surgical training.  With no mobile phones or internet, we kept in touch by exchanging letters.  The imposition of martial law and the chaotic aftermath of a revolution which turned Iran from a centuries-old monarchy into a theocratic republic took everyone by surprise. In the ensuing civil unrest we lost touch with one another.  Three long years passed, during which each of us assumed the other had married and moved on.  But by sheer chance we did meet again. I returned to the UK and was enrolled as new student nurse in  London. Neither of us had met any ‘significant other’ in the interim, and we soon realised that this was it.  We married six months later.

Almost exactly at the same time Britain severed its diplomatic ties with Iran, and in the years that followed the political stand-off between our two countries worsened. Iran was lambasted in the press world-wide and became the target of international sanctions. It became increasingly difficult for me to re-connect with my family back home.  I was a Christian but I had been born into a Muslim family, so returning to an Islamic state could result in dire consequences for all of us. The last thing anyone of us wanted was for me to be held as a prisoner in Iran, or my relatives to be dragged into a Muslim backlash from my conversion. Added to which, unlike the UK, Iran does not recognise dual citizenship (once I re-entered Iran I would have no legal recourse to British aid).  Also, the British government was loath to grant Iranians leave to visit, and the situation became even more draconian after 9/11.  Fearing reprisals, ordinary Iranians were fearful of sticking their necks out to engage with authorities, and my elderly parents could not understand why I was unable persuade anyone to grant them a British visitor’s visa.  The unspoken criticism that I had not moved heaven and earth for them was personally unbearable. I was caught up in a conflict between loyalty to my home country, now the so-called ‘Axis of Evil’, and my pride at becoming British.  It was an emotional tug-of-war between freedom to worship as a Christian and fear of castigation as a ‘betrayer of Islam’, between being happy as a  cherished wife, and feeling guilty about relatives trapped in Iran.  I never saw my father again.

I managed to avoid becoming a nervous wreck, but even after forty years the vestiges of that guilt remain.  When my parents died I did not return to Iran to say goodbye. When my sister was imprisoned on a trumped-up charge I stayed home.  Where were my filial duty and affections during those times?  Was it right that I should have carried on living in comfort in the land of plenty while my family eked a hand-to-mouth existence under political and financial sanctions?  It bothered me massively at the time – and it continues to bother me.

Diplomatic relations between our two nations still remain precarious, and there is no easy end in sight.  I have now accepted that it is unlikely I will ever return to Iran during the remainder of my life, and James has had to bear the emotional implications of that burden on me.  I am indeed fortunate that despite the intrusion of such divisive politics, our marriage has strengthened and survived.

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